SAMPLE ENTRY FROM F O O D W E B S O F I N S E C T S & T H E I R K I N (c) 1992-1998 Douglas E. Drenkow. All Rights Reserved. ================================================================================ 57.41.001 Ostrinia [Pyrausta] nubilalis (Hubner) [the European corn borer] ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON PLANTS Chewing on the Shoots of Plants (more than 200 species) Chewing on the Shoots of Plants (Young larva feeds on leaves/tassel/earstalk.) Chewing on the Shoots of Plants (Consuming growing tip causes "dead heart".) Chewing on the Shoots of Plants (Tassels/stems break over, esp before ears form) Tunneling within Pithy Stems (including Tubers) or Roots (by older larvae) Tunneling within Pithy Stems (including Tubers) or Roots (stalks/ears) Tunneling within Pithy Stems (including Tubers) or Roots (Holes exude sawdust.) Burrowing within Fruit and/or Seeds (Older larvae may bore into kernels.) AGRONOMIC CROPS AS FOODS/HOSTS corn (mostly, especially very early or late) VEGETABLE CROPS AS FOODS/HOSTS vegetables (in general) peppers sweet corn tomato FLOWER/FOLIAGE PLANTS AS FOODS/HOSTS flower/foliage plants (in general) WEEDS AS FOODS/HOSTS weeds (in general) grasses (in general, often reservoirs of infestations) VIRUSES AS PATHOGENS Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Virus? (unspecified) BACTERIA/RICKETTSIAS/ETC. AS PATHOGENS Bacillus thuringiensis alesti (spores + endotoxin) Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (spores + endotoxin) Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis (spores + endotoxin) Bacillus thuringiensis varieties (spores + endotoxin) ? Serratia marcescens (red strain) unspecified bacterium FUNGI AS PATHOGENS Beauveria bassiana Cephalosporium sp. Metarrhizium anisopliae Nomuraea rileyi PROTOZOANS AS PATHOGENS Nosema [Glugea] pyraustae Perezia pyraustae Vairimorpha necatrix NEMATODES/OTHER WORMS AS PARASITES Mesiodiplogaster lheritieri Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser Neoaplectana glaseri unspecified nematode INSECTS AND THEIR KIN AS PARASITES/PREDATORS (Many parasites were introduced by the U.S. government from 1921 to 1949.) Agrypon sp. [an ichneumon] 61.25.027 Amblyteles brevicinctor Say [an ichneumon] 61.25.029 Amblyteles rubicundus Cress. [an ichneumon] 61.25.029 Angitia armillata Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.034 Angitia punctoria Roman [an ichneumon] 61.25.034 Angitia pyraustae Uchida [an ichneumon] 61.25.034 Apanteles picipes Bche. [a braconid] 61.08.035 Apanteles ruficrus Hal. [a braconid] 61.08.035 Apanteles sp. [a braconid] 61.08.035 Apanteles thompsoni Lyle [a braconid] 61.08.008 Apanteles thompsoni Lyle [a braconid] 61.08.035 Aplomya caesar Aldr. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.026 Bassus agilis Cress. [a braconid] 61.08.043 Brachymeria euploeae Westw. [a chalcidid] 61.10.005 Bracon atricornis Smith [a braconid] 61.08.047 Campoplex ensator Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.053 Campoplex lugubrinus Hlgr. [an ichneumon] 61.25.053 Campoplex multicinctus Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.053 Campoplex pyraustae Smith [an ichneumon] 61.25.053 Campoplex rothi Hlgr. [an ichneumon] 61.25.053 Campoplex sp. [an ichneumon] 61.25.053 Ceratomefilla fuscilabris [a lady beetle] 58.14.020 Ceromasia interrupta Macq. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.049 Ceromasia juvenilis Girschn. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.049 Ceromasia lepida Mg. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.049 Ceromasia senilis Mg. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.049 Charops decipiens Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.055 Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (De Geer) [Pennsylvania leatherwing] 58.09.001 Chelonus annulipes Wesm. [the annulated chelonus (braconid)] 61.08.022 Chelonus annulipes Wesm. [the annulated chelonus (braconid)] 61.08.022 Chelonus commuinis Baker [a braconid] 61.08.057 Chelonus inanitus L. [a braconid] 61.08.057 Chelonus sp. [a braconid] 61.08.057 Chrysopidae [green lacewings] 54.03.000 Clemelis pullata Mg. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.056 Coccinellidae [lady beetles] 58.14.000 Colpognathus celerator Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.062 Compsilura concinnata Mg. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.002 Crachymeria sp. [a chalcidid] 61.10.007 Cremastus flavoorbitalis Cam. [an ichneumon] 61.25.065 Cremastus hierochonticus Schmied. [an ichneumon] 61.25.065 Cremastus sp. [an ichneumon] 61.25.065 Cryptus sp. [an ichneumon] 61.25.068 Dibrachys cavus Walk. [a pteromalid] 61.35.007 Eugnomus pyraustae Mats. [an ichneumon] 61.25.090 Eulimneria albida Gmel. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulimneria alkae E. & S. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulimneria fuscicarpus Thoms. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulimneria geniculata Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulimneria pleuralis Thoms. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulimneria rufifemur Thoms. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulimneria sp. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulimneria xanthostoma Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.091 Eulophus sp. [a eulophid] 61.19.056 Eulophus viridulus Thoms. [a eulophid] 61.19.005 Exetastes illusor Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.095 Exorista civilis Rond. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.090 Exorista noctuarum Rond. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.090 Formicidae [ants] 61.23.000 Glyptomorpha inscriptor corsica Marsh. [a braconid] 61.08.081 Hemiptarsenus unguicellus Zett. [a eulophid] 61.19.062 Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) [convergent lady beetle] 58.14.001 Hippodamia tredecimpunctata L. [a lady beetle] 58.14.043 Holocremnus sp. [an ichneumon] 61.25.109 Hoplocryptus incertulus Cush. [an ichneumon] 61.25.112 Horogenes punctorius [an ichneumon] 61.25.007 Hygrocryptus carnifex Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.113 Labrorychus prismaticus Nort. [an ichneumon] 61.25.127 Labrorychus tenuicornis Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.127 Lixophaga variabilis Coq. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.117 Lydella grisescens R.-D. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.118 Lydella thompsoni [a tachinid fly] 59.36.118 Lydella [Ceromasia/Microceromasia] stabulans grisescens [a tachinid] 59.36.010 Macrocentrus abdominalis F. [a braconid] 61.08.093 Macrocentrus gifuensis Ashm. [a braconid] 61.08.093 Macrocentrus gifuensis Ashm. [a braconid] 61.08.093 Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich [a braconid] 61.08.016 Macrocentrus robustus Mues. [a braconid] 61.08.093 Macrocentrus sp. [a braconid] 61.08.093 Megaselia goidanichi Schmitz [a humpbacked fly] 59.48.004 Meteorus deceptor Wesm. [a braconid] 61.08.094 Meteorus loxostegei Vier. [a braconid] 61.08.094 Meteorus nigricollis Thomson [a braconid] 61.08.018 Meteorus nigricollis Thomson [a braconid] 61.08.018 Microbracon brevicornis Wesm. [a braconid] 61.08.099 Microbracon caulicola Gahan [a braconid] 61.08.099 Microbracon gelechiae Ashm. [a braconid] 61.08.099 Microbracon hebetor Say [a braconid] 61.08.099 Microbracon mellitor Say [a braconid] 61.08.024 Microbracon sp. [a braconid] 61.08.099 Microcryptus abdominator Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.151 Microgaster sp. [a braconid] 61.08.101 Microgaster tibialis Nees [a braconid] 61.08.004 Microgaster tibialis Nees [a braconid] 61.08.004 Microgaster zonaria Say [a braconid] 61.08.101 Mormoniella vitripennis Walk. [a pteromalid] 61.35.067 Nemorilla floralis Fall. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.138 Nemorilla floralis maculosa Mg. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.138 Nemorilla maculosa Mg. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.138 Phaeogenes eguchii Uch. [an ichneumon] 61.25.171 Phaeogenes nigridens Wesm. [an ichneumon] 61.25.171 Phaeogenes planifrons Wesm. [an ichneumon] 61.25.171 Phaeogenes sp. [an ichneumon] 61.25.171 Phorocera erecta Coq. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.157 Phytodietus segmentator Grav. [an ichneumon] 61.25.174 Pimpla aequalis Prov. [an ichneumon] 61.25.175 Pimpla conquisitor Say [an ichneumon] 61.25.003 Pimpla indagatrix Cress. [an ichneumon] 61.25.175 Pimpla pterophori Ashm. [an ichneumon] 61.25.175 Pimpla pyraustae Matas. [an ichneumon] 61.25.175 Pimpla roborator F. [an ichneumon] 61.25.175 Pimpla tecumseh Vier. [an ichneumon] 61.25.175 Pristomerus vulnerator Panz. [an ichneumon] 61.25.184 Pseudoperichaeta insidiosa R.D. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.165 Pyraustomyia penitalis Coq. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.168 Rogas testaceus Spin. [a braconid] 61.08.126 Sagaritis provancheri D.T. [an ichneumon] 61.25.192 Sympiesis viridula [a eulophid (chalcid)] 61.19.012 Tachinidae [tachinid flies] 59.36.000 Tetranychidae [spider mites] 12.25.000 Theronia atalantae Poda [an ichneumon] 61.25.016 Triaspis pallidipes Nees [a braconid] 61.08.133 Trichogramma evanescens Westw. [a trichogrammatid] 61.44.002 Trichogramma minutum Riley [a trichogrammatid] 61.44.001 Trichogramma sp. [a trichogrammatid] 61.44.012 Trichogrammatidae [trichogrammatids (chalcids)] 61.44.000 Trichomma cnaphalocrocis Uch. [an ichneumon] 61.25.210 Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius) [the redtailed tachinid] 59.36.001 Xanthopimpla modesta Smith [an ichneumon] 61.25.216 Xanthopimpla punctata F. [an ichneumon] 61.25.216 Xanthopimpla stemmator Thnbg. [an ichneumon] 61.25.216 Zenillia futilis O.S. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.205 Zenillia mitis Mg. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.205 Zenillia ochracea Wulp [a tachinid fly] 59.36.205 Zenillia sp. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.205 Zenillia tritaeniata Rond. [a tachinid fly] 59.36.205 BIRDS AS PREDATORS (Birds prey on overwintering larvae.) downy woodpecker redwinged blackbird MAMMALS AS PREDATORS bats (Recordings of hunting bats are reportedly repellent to the adult moths.) cattle (feeding on cornstalks in the fall or early spring)